{
  "schema_version": "1.6.1",
  "id": "RPI-CVE-2026-92485",
  "modified": "2026-10-09T11:39:44Z",
  "upstream": [
    "CVE-2026-92485"
  ],
  "published": "2026-09-17T16:10:40Z",
  "summary": "bpf: Fix WARNING in bpf_tracing_link_release",
  "details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nbpf: Fix WARNING in bpf_tracing_link_release\n\nThe trampoline could be corrupted by the blindly\n'tr->flags = BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX' in verifier.\n\n1. A fexit attached to a tail_call_reachable prog. 'tr->flags' became\n   'BPF_TRAMP_F_CALL_ORIG | BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX'. And, the\n   trampoline would poke the target prog's nop insn using jmp insn instead\n   of call insn.\n2. Another fexit loaded with the same tail_call_reachable prog target.\n   'tr->flags' became 'BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX'.\n3. Close the first fexit link. Due to no BPF_TRAMP_F_CALL_ORIG in\n   'tr->flags', the trampoline will fail to restore the prog's nop insn\n   using call insn.\n\n[    3.410719] WARNING: kernel/bpf/syscall.c:3551 at bpf_tracing_link_release+0x53/0x60, CPU#1: test_progs/98\n...\n[    3.428793]  bpf_link_free+0x58/0x130\n[    3.429293]  bpf_link_release+0x23/0x30\n\nFix the warning by updating 'tr->flags' with '|=' and lock.",
  "severity": [
    {
      "type": "CVSS_V3",
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H"
    }
  ],
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  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-92485"
    },
    {
      "type": "FIX",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/48a0209d8da0d90a7b0a0db19d1ff88027b13781"
    },
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    "upstream_modified": "2026-09-18T17:55:42Z",
    "severity": {
      "source": "kernel CNA",
      "cvss_v3_score": 7.8,
      "cvss_v3_severity": "High",
      "scenario": "AV:L - The trigger is local bpf() only: BPF_PROG_LOAD of a tail_call_reachable target plus two BPF_TRACE_FEXIT programs (check_attach_btf_id overwrites tr->flags), BPF_LINK_CREATE via bpf_tracing_prog_attach, then close() of the first link into bpf_tracing_link_release. No remote protocol carries the malformed state.\nAC:L - After the first fexit attach, bpf_trampoline_update sets BPF_TRAMP_F_CALL_ORIG and bpf_arch_text_poke installs a JMP (bpf_trampoline_use_jmp). A second BPF_PROG_LOAD then does tr->flags = BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX in check_attach_btf_id; closing the first link hits the JMP-vs-CALL mismatch. The attacker owns both loads and the close; CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_JMP is def_bool y on x86_64.\nPR:L - bpf_prog_load() of BPF_PROG_TYPE_TRACING/BPF_TRACE_FEXIT requires CAP_BPF and, via is_perfmon_prog_type(), CAP_PERFMON; bpf_token_capable() with a delegated BPF token grants those into a non-init user namespace, so this is not init-namespace root.\nUI:N - The attacker loads both fexit programs, attaches the first with BPF_LINK_CREATE/bpf_tracing_prog_attach, and closes that link fd themselves; no victim mount, open, or other action is required.\nS:U - The leftover JMP in the target program and the use-after-free of fexit1's JIT image stay inside host kernel BPF trampoline code; they do not cross a VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary.\nC:H - Failed bpf_trampoline_unlink_prog() leaves the target's 5-byte slot as a JMP into the trampoline image that still calls fexit1->bpf_func, while bpf_link_free()\u2192bpf_link_dealloc() immediately bpf_prog_put()s fexit1 (no dealloc_deferred). After bpf_jit_free(), later target invocations read that freed executable image.\nI:H - The same dangling trampoline CALL into fexit1's freed JIT pages is an executable use-after-free; the attacker controls the fexit program and can spray replacement JIT text at that address, hijacking kernel control flow when the target program runs.\nA:H - bpf_tracing_link_release() WARN_ON_ONCE()s the failed bpf_trampoline_unlink_prog() after bpf_arch_text_poke() rejects the JMP-vs-CALL restore. Running the target afterward jumps to the trampoline and calls the freed fexit JIT, causing a kernel paging fault/oops."
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