{ "schema_version": "1.6.1", "id": "RPI-CVE-2025-40123", "modified": "2026-10-09T11:39:44Z", "upstream": [ "CVE-2025-40123" ], "published": "2025-11-12T10:24:04Z", "summary": "bpf: Enforce expected_attach_type for tailcall compatibility", "details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nbpf: Enforce expected_attach_type for tailcall compatibility\n\nYinhao et al. recently reported:\n\n Our fuzzer tool discovered an uninitialized pointer issue in the\n bpf_prog_test_run_xdp() function within the Linux kernel's BPF subsystem.\n This leads to a NULL pointer dereference when a BPF program attempts to\n deference the txq member of struct xdp_buff object.\n\nThe test initializes two programs of BPF_PROG_TYPE_XDP: progA acts as the\nentry point for bpf_prog_test_run_xdp() and its expected_attach_type can\nneither be of be BPF_XDP_DEVMAP nor BPF_XDP_CPUMAP. progA calls into a slot\nof a tailcall map it owns. progB's expected_attach_type must be BPF_XDP_DEVMAP\nto pass xdp_is_valid_access() validation. The program returns struct xdp_md's\negress_ifindex, and the latter is only allowed to be accessed under mentioned\nexpected_attach_type. progB is then inserted into the tailcall which progA\ncalls.\n\nThe underlying issue goes beyond XDP though. Another example are programs\nof type BPF_PROG_TYPE_CGROUP_SOCK_ADDR. sock_addr_is_valid_access() as well\nas sock_addr_func_proto() have different logic depending on the programs'\nexpected_attach_type. Similarly, a program attached to BPF_CGROUP_INET4_GETPEERNAME\nshould not be allowed doing a tailcall into a program which calls bpf_bind()\nout of BPF which is only enabled for BPF_CGROUP_INET4_CONNECT.\n\nIn short, specifying expected_attach_type allows to open up additional\nfunctionality or restrictions beyond what the basic bpf_prog_type enables.\nThe use of tailcalls must not violate these constraints. Fix it by enforcing\nexpected_attach_type in __bpf_prog_map_compatible().\n\nNote that we only enforce this for tailcall maps, but not for BPF devmaps or\ncpumaps: There, the programs are invoked through dev_map_bpf_prog_run*() and\ncpu_map_bpf_prog_run*() which set up a new environment / context and therefore\nthese situations are not prone to this issue.", "severity": [ { "type": "CVSS_V3", "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H" } ], "affected": [ { "package": { "ecosystem": "Raspberry Pi OS:12", "name": "linux" }, "versions": [ "1:6.1.21-1+rpt1", "1:6.1.47-1+rpt2", "1:6.1.47-1+rpt4", "1:6.1.54-1+rpt2", "1:6.1.58-1+rpt2", "1:6.1.63-1+rpt1", "1:6.1.73-1+rpt1", "1:6.6.20-1+rpt1", "1:6.6.28-1+rpt1", "1:6.6.31-1+rpt1", "1:6.6.47-1+rpt1", "1:6.6.51-1+rpt1", "1:6.6.51-1+rpt2", "1:6.6.51-1+rpt3", "1:6.6.62-1+rpt1", "1:6.6.74-1+rpt1", "1:6.12.20-1+rpt1~bpo12+1", "1:6.12.25-1+rpt1", "1:6.12.34-1+rpt1~bookworm", "1:6.12.47-1+rpt1~bookworm" ], "ecosystem_specific": { 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No network-supplied data introduces the incompatible tail call, so local access is required.\nAC:L - Exploitation is fully deterministic: the attacker authors and loads both programs, owns the prog array, and controls exactly when the tail call executes; there is no race and no memory-layout condition needed for the mis-typed context dereference to occur.\nPR:L - A basic local user with BPF program-loading access can create the prog array and the two mismatched programs; this matches the established scoring of comparable BPF verifier-constraint bypasses, and containerized/delegated-token deployments grant exactly this level without full administrative rights.\nUI:N - The attacker performs every step \u2014 program load, map update, and program invocation \u2014 entirely on their own; no victim action or cooperation is involved.\nS:U - The mis-typed context dereference and any resulting corruption occur within the kernel that is already the vulnerable component, so impact stays inside a single security authority.\nC:H - xdp_init_buff() never initializes xdp_buff->txq, so a tail-called BPF_XDP_DEVMAP program reading egress_ifindex dereferences attacker-groomable uninitialized stack memory twice and returns the resulting kernel dword into BPF, which can be exfiltrated through a map \u2014 an effectively arbitrary kernel read primitive.\nI:H - Bypassing expected_attach_type lets a program execute helpers and context writes the running hook never validated \u2014 e.g. bpf_bind()/__inet_bind() invoked from a GETPEERNAME hook mutates live socket binding and hash state without the socket lock, and msg_src_ip4/6 or sockopt level/optname/retval writes land on NULL or wrong-type kernel fields.\nA:H - The reported case is an immediate NULL pointer dereference on xdp_buff->txq in bpf_prog_test_run_xdp(), and in driver XDP paths the uninitialized txq produces a wild pointer dereference \u2014 either way a kernel oops that the attacker can trigger repeatedly." } } }